California Governor Signs Bill Raising Medical Negligence Caps

A few weeks ago, Governor Gavin Newsom signed Assembly Bill No. 35 into law, which received unanimous support for raising the California medical malpractice pain and suffering cap to reflect inflation, and provides better support for those who have been tragically hurt or killed by a medical mistake.

AboutLawsuits.com has the story here; the TortProf blog has a comment here.

New study in California concludes what we knew already: placing caps on damages in malpractice cases does not reduce malpractice

 As California seeks to pass new legislation that would increase the amount victims can recover for pain and suffering in medical malpractice lawsuits, a new study shows that setting damage caps for pain and suffering reduces the incentive to avoid malpractice, and results in an increased rate of malpractice lawsuits.  And, an increased rate of malpractice claims ultimately raises the potential cost to patients and insurers, along with noneconomic losses suffered by victims.

In other words, caps in malpractice lawsuits do not have any of the effects proponents of caps always argue they will have.  They do not result in deterrence, may result in higher costs, and do not prevent higher insurance premiums.

You can read more about the study here.

Bill to allow parents of adult children to recover in malpractice cases fails in Florida

A couple of weeks ago I wrote that the Florida House has voted to pass a bill to allow parents to pursue pain and suffering damages when their adult children die due to medical malpractice negligence.  See here.

Today I am writing to report that the attempt to pass the bill has failed.  See here. Medical interests and the Florida Chamber of Commerce had opposed the bill, arguing that current state of the law helps keep malpractice insurance premiums affordable, an old claim that has been proven to be wrong many times. 

Thanks to the TortsProf blog for the update. 

Legislators in Florida try to pass bill to recognize wrongful death cause of action for parents of adult children

For the second time in two years, the Florida House has voted to pass a bill to allow parents to pursue pain and suffering damages when their adult children die due to medical malpractice negligence. However, the bill has yet to pass through the Florida Senate, where it is facing opposition from the medical community and insurance carriers.  You can read the story here.

NFL revises its position regarding "race norming"

Back in March, and later in May, I wrote about ‘race norming’ and the NFL settlement fund to compensate retired players for the effects of their concussions and other injuries.  See here.  

I am writing today because according to a proposed deal filed Wednesday in federal court, the NFL has agreed to end race-based adjustments in dementia testing that critics said made it difficult for Black retirees to qualify for awards in the $1 billion settlement of concussion claims.  NPR has the story here.

The proposal, which must still be approved by a judge, says that no race norms or race demographic estimates will be used in the settlement program going forward, but it is not clear if the players who will be affected by the new proposal will simply have their tests scored anew, or whether they will have to subject themselves to a new rounds of tests.

To date, about 2,000 players have applied for awards based on arguments of dementia, but only 30% have been approved. 

"Worth" -- Netflix's movie on the 9/11 victim's compensation fund, and interviews with Ken Feinberg

To coincide with the 20th anniversary of the attacks on September 11, 2001, Netflix released a new movie called "Worth".  It is a dramatization of the story behind the 9/11 victims compensation fund, which was administered by Ken Feinberg.  

I recently watched the movie and I recommend it.  It is not a thriller, nor a courtroom drama, but it does a good job of showing the every day inner workings of torts lawyers trying to figure out how to manage the type of compromise it takes to evaluate claims fairly.  And in a case like the 9/11 fund everything was amplified and more difficult.  I don't know how much of the movie was accurate or how much was exaggerated from dramatic purposes, but I can say that the scenes where the lawyers meet with grieving and angry clients are true to life, as any plaintiffs' lawyer will tell you.

Victims compensation fund are not perfect, and we can argue whether they are even fair given how the lawyers calculate compensation, but I think the movie is worth watching (excuse the pun).

In addition, if you have 20 minutes, take a look at Ken Feinberg himself talking about compensation funds in this short talk.

Finally, just a few days ago Feinberg was interviewed for a podcast.  You can listen to the interview by clicking on the play button below or by going here.

In both the talk and the recent interview Feinberg explains why he thinks that victims compensation funds are not a good idea as an alternative to litigation and should not be used generally in the future.

Missouri Supreme Court upholds statutory cap on non-economic damages

I am not happy to report that the Missouri Supreme Court appears to have dropped its hostility towards tort reform. This past July, it upheld a statutory cap on noneconomic damages for actions against health care providers, finding that the cap does not violate one’s right to a jury trial under the Missouri Constitution. See Ordinola v. Univ. Physician Assoc., — S.W.3d –, 2021 WL 3119063 (Mo. July 22, 2021). This ruling most likely brings to an end a decades-long, contentious battle between the Missouri General Assembly and the Missouri Supreme Court over the imposition of statutory caps.  

The Washington Legal Foundation has commentary and analysis here.

Trial related to destroyed frozen embryos raises interesting questions -- UPDATED again

This story is updated below, at the end of the original post

I just read a story on Courthouse News on a trial in which the plaintiffs are suing the manufacturer of cryogenic tanks that somehow failed causing the destruction of thousands of frozen eggs and embryos, which according to the plaintiffs dashed some families’ only hope of having biological children.

The plaintiffs' claim is for product liability based on the alleged defective design of the tanks.  The defendant, however, is apparently going to argue that the tank's failure was due to the misuse of the product by the Fertility Center which used it.  This is the first interesting point in the case because that argument is essentially claiming that the conduct of the Fertility Clinic was an unforeseeable intervening (and therefore superseding) cause.  

Yet, the most interesting question raised by this case relates to the injuries claimed by the plaintiffs.  The story states that the claims "for the loss of eggs and embryos" were sent to private arbitration.

So, my first question is what is a claim for the "loss of" the eggs and embryos?   I am assuming "embryos" refers to fertilized eggs, while eggs are not fertilized.  If that is the case, there can be no claim for wrongful death for the loss of the eggs in any jurisdiction I know of.  And for the loss of the embryos, there can be a wrongful death claim only in jurisdictions that recognize that life begins at conception for purposes of the wrongful death act.  So I wonder if the claim is not for wrongful death but for something else?  Is it just a contracts dispute then?  I just don' know.

On the other hand, maybe the claim is for emotional distress, but that claim would depend on the jurisdiction's approach to those claims?  If the jurisdiction requires impact, I don't think there is support for the claim, for example.  Also, the facts don't seem to fit a claim for emotional distress of a bystander.  

Since the case is already at trial, I guess these questions were resolved already through motions to dismiss, etc.  But I wonder what the answers are.  

UPDATE May 30, 2021:  Courthouse News is following the trial closely.  This week they published the following stories:

On May 26:  Lab Workers Were ‘Devastated’ by Tank Failure That Destroyed Human Embryos

On May 27:  Tank Manufacturer Accuses Fertility Clinic of Falsifying Data in Frozen Eggs Trial 

June 6: Fertility Patients Describe Sadness and Anger After Freezer Tank Failure

June 9: Jurors Asked to Award $30 Million for Lost Eggs and Embryos

June 10: Jury Finds Tank Maker Responsible for Lost Eggs and Embryos, Awards $15 Million

June 12: Loss of Embryos and Eggs at Fertility Clinic Leads to Groundbreaking Multi-Million Dollar Verdict in California

June 20: $15 Million Verdict Against IVF Cryopreservation Tank Maker Is Big News

Federal judge orders NFL and players to mediation to address concern over racist methodology when calculating compensation for players - UPDATED

March 13, 2021

There are some good news and some bad news related to the lawsuit against the NFL seeking compensation for players related to concussions and other injuries.  

The good news is that the judge overseeing the litigation has ordered the parties to revise the compensation methodology to address serious concerns over "race norming" which results in lower compensation for black athletes.  The judge stated that “the Court . . . remains concerned” about the race-based formula used to measure cognitive impairment to determine eligibility for compensation.

The bad news is that the judge took the issue out of the courtroom and sent it to mediation.  As stated by the lawyer who represents some of the retired players, this means that the court's proposed solution is to order the very parties who created the discriminatory system to negotiate a fix while apparently excluding  some of the players affected by it.  

As you may know, the NFL had agreed to a settlement with retired players, but at some point later several players filed a lawsuit attacking the terms of the settlement, at least in part based on allegations of "race norming" in the process used to determine the proper compensation for players.  It is this lawsuit that the federal judge dismissed as “an improper attack on the Settlement Agreement.” 

You can read more about the story here and here.

The Nation has a good short op-ed piece on the topic here, which explains how the notion of "race norming" has changed over time.

In this story from ABC news you can also access a 11 minute video from the TV show Nightline.

 

Here is the key part of the story:

At the crux of the controversy is the fact that the NFL's concussion settlement program manual recommends the use of a "full demographic correction," in which a player's cognitive test scores are compared to average scores, or "norms," for similar demographic groups, and then adjusted to account for expected differences in age, gender, education -- and race. 

The practice of adjusting test scores for race, widely known as "race-norming," is in use across several different medical fields as a supposed safeguard against misdiagnosis. But because these "norms," as used in a neuropsychology context, assume that the average Black player starts at a lower level of cognitive functioning than the average white player at the outset of their careers, Black players need to show larger cognitive declines than white players to qualify for compensation. 

. . . . 

In response to questions from ABC News, an NFL spokesperson issued a statement in February saying that . . . "[t]he settlement seeks to provide accurate examinations to retired players," . . ."and thus permits, but does not require, independent clinicians to consider race in adjusting retired players' test scores as they would in their typical practice." 

But in email correspondence obtained by ABC News, those same clinicians appear to disagree. One bemoaned their possible complicity in a system that perpetuated "racial inequity" in payouts. 

 . . . . 

"Bottom line is that the norms do discriminate against Black players," [one] clinician wrote. "So now what? In this time of reckoning, like many professions, I think we need to look closely at the expected and unexpected ramifications of our practices." 

 And a dataset shared exclusively with ABC News suggests that race-based adjustments could have a significant impact on payouts. 

 At the request of an attorney who represents several former NFL players, a neuropsychologist who has evaluated former NFL players under the concussion settlement program recently rescored the results of cognitive tests from a group of 94 Black former players. . . . When the clinician interpreted the test scores as if those former players had been white, 34 of them met the criteria to receive payouts through the program. When the clinician applied the recommended demographic correction to those same scores, however, only 10 of those same players qualified.

 

UPDATE May 17, 2021:  Courthouse News has a new story on this topic here.

UPDATE October 21, 2021:  NFL changes its position on race norming

Tennessee Supreme Court Upholds Constitutionality of Damage Caps

Last week, in a 3-2 opinion, the Tennessee Supreme Court declared that the state's statute that caps noneconomic damages to $750,000 (in most cases) is not unconstitutional. 

Day on Torts has links to all the opinions here.

Should animals have the right to sue?

If an animal is mistreated and suffers an injury, should the law recognize the animal the right to sue?

Over at Verdict, Professor Sherry F. Colb (Cornell) summarizes the argument in support of the position that animals should be allowed to sue. You can read her position here (it is a very short article).

Missouri tort reform advocates move toward creating limits for punitive damages

Fresh off major wins in the 2019 session, Missouri tort reform advocates are shifting their focus to a new target: punitive damages. Following a string of large punitive damages awards from St. Louis City courts, legislators in both chambers introduced bills to sharply curb such claims.  For more information go here.

California has adopted a statute banning use of race, gender, or ethnicity in the calculation of tort damages

California has adopted a statute that prohibits the use of race, gender, and ethnicity in the calculation of lost earnings or impaired earning capacity in tort damages.  The crucial language of S.B. 41 is: "estimations, measures, or calculations of past, present, or future damages for lost earnings or impaired earning capacity resulting from personal injury or wrongful death shall not be reduced based on race, ethnicity, or gender."

Thanks to TortProf blog for the update.

Court rules white nationalist must pay $14 million in damages for anti semitic campaign

A federal judge has ruled in an SPLC lawsuit that neo-Nazi leader Andrew Anglin must pay more than $14 million in damages for using his website to launch an antisemitic campaign of terror against a Jewish woman and her family.  You can read more about the story here and here. 

New case claims injury based on negligent conduct by fertility clinic

A few years ago I wrote an article criticizing a case in which the plaintiffs claimed to have suffered an injury because, due to the conduct of the defendant, they ended up giving birth to a child of a different race.  (See here.)  I argued that it would be wrong to use someone's race as a measure of injury in a torts claim.

I still believe that to be the case, but a new case has been filed in Connecticut which raises the issue in a slightly different way.  In the case I wrote about, the plaintiffs specifically used race as an element of their injury.  In the new case, the plaintiffs are not doing that.  They are also not using the phrase "wrongful birth" to refer to the basis for their claim.

Should this make a difference? 

The notion of wrongful birth is usually used to refer to a claim that had it not been for the negligent conduct of the defendant the parents would have chosen not to have the child, and that because they did have the child, the defendant should pay for the resulting expenses (and other injuries).  Typically, courts do not recognize recovery for the emotional injury, but might recognize a claim for out of pocket expenses of various types.

In the case I wrote about a few years ago, a white woman provided the eggs and the defendant used sperm from a donor.  The mother had specifically selected the donor to be white.  Instead, the defendant used sperm from a different donor who happened to be African American.  The child born from the procedure is biologically related to the mother but of mixed races.

In the recently filed case in Connecticut, the defendant was supposed to use sperm from the plaintiff/father to fertilize an egg from a donor, so that the child would be biologically related to the father. The defendant used the wrong sperm and thus the couple gave birth to a child who is not biologically related to either one of them and also of mixed races.

Based on those facts, the complaint in the new case simply states that the defendant provided the wrong sperm to the plaintiffs and that the result of the procedure is a child who is not related to the parents at all.  This is the basis for their claimed emotional distress.  The complaint is careful not to use the term "wrongful birth" or to suggest that the race of the child is itself a basis for emotional distress. 

Should the parents in this case be granted a cause of action for the emotional distress if we don't grant one for the parents of a child in the older case?

It seems that the difference comes down to whether the race of the child is the basis of the claim.  Is it?  What do you think?

You can read more about the case in Connecticut here and here.

US Supreme Court to decide another maritime law tort case this term

About a week ago, the US Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a case called The Dutra Group v. Batterton, which asks the Court to decide whether a seaman can recover punitive damages in a personal injury suit based on the unseaworthiness of a vessel on which he was working.   The SCotUS blog has an analysis of the oral argument here.  You can also review all the relevant documents in the case and links to more information here.

Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds validity of cap on non-economic damages

As the TortsProf blog recently reported, the Wisconsin Supreme Court recently held that the state's cap of $750,000 on non-economic damages in medical malpractice cases is constitutional. 

The plaintiff in the case lost her arms and legs as a result of a medical error and the jury determined that her pain, suffering, and disfigurement had a value of $16.5 million.  However, Wisconsin’s highest court deferred to legislation limiting such awards to a maximum of $750,000 in all cases, regardless of the severity of the injuries.

In a dissenting opinion, two justices argued that the cap had a perverse effect on plaintiffs because only those with the most catastrophic injuries will be denied a full and fair damages award and it "makes no sense that those who are injured most get the least.”

You can read the entire opinion here.

Wisconsin Supreme Court to decide whether the state's cap on non-economic damages in med mal cases is unconstitutional

The TortsProf blog is reporting that the Wisconsin Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in a case on appeal from a decision of the state's appellate court which declared the state's cap on non-economic damages unconstitutional.  The case involves a medical malpractice claim which resulted in a jury verdict for the plaintiff.  The jury determined that the health care providers were responsible and awarded $25.3 million. The non-economic damages portion of the award was approximately $16.5 million.  Wisconsin has a cap on non-economic damages in medical malpractice cases of $750,000. The trial judge ruled the cap was unconstitutional as applied to the plaintiff's case. The intermediate appellate court affirmed and went further because it ruled that the the cap was unconstitutional per se (not just "as applied.")  The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel has the story.

North Dakota: Court refuses to apply damages cap in med mal case, declares it unconstitutional -- UPDATED

In 1995, North Dakota passed a $500,000 cap on non-economic damages in medical malpractice cases.  I assume has been invoked and applied since.  Until now.  The TortsProf blog is reporting today that a state judge recently refused to apply the cap and ruled the statute violates equal protection guaranteed by the state constitution by arbitrarily reducing damages for people who suffer the most severe injuries.

Go here for more (although not much) on the story.  As you know, I am against caps, but an interesting element of this story is that at $500,000, the North Dakota cap is one of the more generous out there.

UPDATE (1/12/18):  The PopTort has more information, excerpts from the decision and a nice comment on the case here.

US Supreme Court denies review in case challenging the constitutionality of the damages cap in Nebraska

Nebraska has one of the few caps in the nation that is applied to total, as opposed to non-economic, damages in med mal cases.  In August 2015, a jury awarded the family of a brain-damaged infant $17M in damages, but pursuant to the cap, the trial judge reduced the award to $1.75M.  Last June, the Eighth Circuit unanimously affirmed the trial judge.  The plaintiffs argued the cap is unconstitutional and appealed to the US Supreme Court. 

The argument is based on the notion that the Constitution recognized a right to a trial by jury and it is the jury (not the legislature) who should be allowed to determine the value of the claim.  Other jurisdictions have so held.

Yet, last Monday, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case.

The TortsProf blog has more on the story here.